NEEM – Uses, Side Effects, and More

Abdel-Ghaffar, F. and Semmler, M. Efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in Egypt. Parasitol.Res 2007;100(2):329-332. View abstract.

Balakrishnan, V., Pillai, N. R., and Santhakumari, G. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1986;34(7):536. View abstract.

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Balappanavar, A. Y., Nagesh, L., Ankola, A. V., Tangade, P. S., Kakodkar, P., and Varun, S. Antimicrobial efficacy of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the contamination of the toothbrush – a comparative study. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2009;7(2):137-145. View abstract.

Bandyopadhyay, U., Biswas, K., Sengupta, A., Moitra, P., Dutta, P., Sarkar, D., Debnath, P., Ganguly, C. K., and Banerjee, R. K. Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer. Life Sci. 10-29-2004;75(24):2867-2878. View abstract.

Bhaskar, M. V., Pramod, S. J., Jeevika, M. U., Chandan, P. K., and Shetteppa, G. MR imaging findings of neem oil poisoning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):E60-E61. View abstract.

Dua, V. K., Nagpal, B. N., and Sharma, V. P. Repellent action of neem cream against mosquitoes. Indian J.Malariol. 1995;32(2):47-53. View abstract.

Iyyadurai, R., Surekha, V., Sathyendra, S., Paul, Wilson B., and Gopinath, K. G. Azadirachtin poisoning: a case report. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2010;48(8):857-858. View abstract.

Jones, I. W., Denholm, A. A., Ley, S. V., Lovell, H., Wood, A., and Sinden, R. E. Sexual development of malaria parasites is inhibited in vitro by the neem extract azadirachtin, and its semi-synthetic analogues. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 7-15-1994;120(3):267-273. View abstract.

Kant, R. and Bhatt, R. M. Field evaluation of mosquito repellent action of neem oil. Indian J.Malariol. 1994;31(3):122-125. View abstract.

Khalid, S. A., Duddeck, H., and Gonzalez-Sierra, M. Isolation and characterization of an antimalarial agent of the neem tree Azadirachta indica. J Nat Prod. 1989;52(5):922-926. View abstract.

Koga, Y., Yoshida, I., Kimura, A., Yoshino, M., Yamashita, F., and Sinniah, D. Inhibition of mitochondrial functions by margosa oil: possible implications in the pathogenesis of Reye’s syndrome. Pediatr.Res 1987;22(2):184-187. View abstract.

Mbah, A. U., Udeinya, I. J., Shu, E. N., Chijioke, C. P., Nubila, T., Udeinya, F., Muobuike, A., Mmuobieri, A., and Obioma, M. S. Fractionated neem leaf extract is safe and increases CD4+ cell levels in HIV/AIDS patients. Am J Ther 2007;14(4):369-374. View abstract.

Mukherjee, S. and Talwar, G. P. Termination of pregnancy in rodents by oral administration of praneem, a purified neem seed extract. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1996;35(1):51-56. View abstract.

Pai, M. R., Acharya, L. D., and Udupa, N. The effect of two different dental gels and a mouthwash on plaque and gingival scores: a six-week clinical study. Int.Dent.J 2004;54(4):219-223. View abstract.

Pandey, S., Jha, A., and Kaur, V. Aqueous extract of neem leaves in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1994;60(2):63-67.

Paul, R., Prasad, M., and Sah, N. K. Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review. Cancer Biol Ther 9-15-2011;12(6):467-476. View abstract.

Raizada, R. B., Srivastava, M. K., Kaushal, R. A., and Singh, R. P. Azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: subchronic toxicity assessment in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(5):477-483. View abstract.

Rasheed, A., Avinash Kumar, Reddy G., Mohanalakshmi, S., and Ashok Kumar, C. K. Formulation and comparative evaluation of poly herbal anti-acne face wash gels. Pharm Biol. 2011;49(8):771-774. View abstract.

Reutemann, P. and Ehrlich, A. Neem oil: an herbal therapy for alopecia causes dermatitis. Dermatitis 2008;19(3):E12-E15. View abstract.

Sam-Wobo, S. O., Adeleke, M. A., Mafiana, C. F., and Surakat, O. H. Comparative repellent activities of some plant extracts against Simulium damnosum complex. Vector.Borne.Zoonotic.Dis. 2011;11(8):1201-1204. View abstract.

Schmahl, G., Al-Rasheid, K. A., Abdel-Ghaffar, F., Klimpel, S., and Mehlhorn, H. The efficacy of neem seed extracts (Tre-san, MiteStop on a broad spectrum of pests and parasites. Parasitol.Res 2010;107(2):261-269. View abstract.

Semmler, M., Abdel-Ghaffar, F., Al-Rasheid, K., and Mehlhorn, H. Nature helps: from research to products against blood-sucking arthropods. Parasitol.Res 2009;105(6):1483-1487. View abstract.

Senanayake, M. P., Rupasinghe, S., and Dissanayake, P. V. Margosa (Kohomba) oil induced toxic encephalopathy following home remedy for intestinal worms. Ceylon Med.J 2009;54(4):140. View abstract.

Sharma, S. K., Dua, V. K., and Sharma, V. P. Field studies on the mosquito repellent action of neem oil. Southeast Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health 1995;26(1):180-182. View abstract.

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Sharma, S., Saimbi, C. S., Koirala, B., and Shukla, R. Effect of various mouthwashes on the levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in chronic gingivitis. J Clin Pediatr.Dent. 2008;32(2):111-114. View abstract.

Sinniah, D., Sinniah, R., Baskaran, G., Pathmanathan, R., Yamashita, F., and Yoshino, M. Evaluation of the possible role of glucose, carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and steroids in the treatment of Reye’s syndrome using the margosa oil animal model. Acta Paediatr.Jpn. 1990;32(4):462-468. View abstract.

Sivashanmugham, R., Bhaskar, N., and Banumathi, N. Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1984;32(7):610-611. View abstract.

Sundaravalli, N., Raju, B. B., and Krishnamoorthy, K. A. Neem oil poisoning. Indian J.Pediatr. 1982;49(398):357-359. View abstract.

Talwar, G. P., Pal, R., Singh, O., Garg, S., Taluja, V., Upadhyay, S. N., Gopalan, S., Jain, V., Kaur, J., and Sehgal, S. Safety of intrauterine administration of purified neem seed oil (Praneem Vilci) in women & effect of its co-administration with the heterospecies dimer birth control vaccine on antibody response to human chorionic gonadotropin. Indian J.Med.Res. 1995;102:66-70. View abstract.

Talwar, G. P., Shah, S., Mukherjee, S., and Chabra, R. Induced termination of pregnancy by purified extracts of Azadirachta Indica (Neem): mechanisms involved. Am J Reprod.Immunol. 1997;37(6):485-491. View abstract.

Trost, L. C. and Lemasters, J. J. The mitochondrial permeability transition: a new pathophysiological mechanism for Reye’s syndrome and toxic liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;278(3):1000-1005. View abstract.

Vanka, A., Tandon, S., Rao, S. R., Udupa, N., and Ramkumar, P. The effect of indigenous Neem Azadirachta indica [correction of (Adirachta indica)] mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth. Indian J.Dent.Res. 2001;12(3):133-144. View abstract.

Verma, S. P. HIV: a raft-targeting approach for prevention and therapy using plant-derived compounds (review). Curr Drug Targets. 2009;10(1):51-59. View abstract.

Yamasaki, S., Asakura, M., Neogi, S. B., Hinenoya, A., Iwaoka, E., and Aoki, S. Inhibition of virulence potential of Vibrio cholerae by natural compounds. Indian J Med.Res 2011;133:232-239. View abstract.

Aladakatti RH, Ahamed RN. Effect of Azadirachta indica leaves on rat spermatozoa. Indian J Exp Biol 1999;37:1251-4. View abstract.

Ali BH. Toxicology of Azadirachta indica. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;42:71-2. View abstract.

Amaeze O, Eng H, Horlbogen L, Varma MVS, Slitt A. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibition and Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Medicinal Plant Extracts Used for Management of Diabetes in Nigeria. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2021;46(3):437-450. View abstract.

Amaeze O, Marques ES, Wei W, et al. Evaluation of Nigerian Medicinal Plants Extract on Human P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction: Implications for Herb-drug Interaction. Curr Drug Metab. 2021;22(14):1103-1113. View abstract.

Arena R, Strazzeri MG, Bianchi T, et al. Hypericum and neem oil for dehisced post-surgical wounds: a randomised, controlled, single-blinded phase III study. J Wound Care 2022;31(6):492-500. View abstract.

Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: a randomized control trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24(1):26-34. View abstract.

Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Sengupta A, et al. Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer. Life Sci 2004;75:2867-78. View abstract.

Bhanwra S, Singh J, Khosla P. Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf aqueous extract on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000;44:64-8. View abstract.

Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82:1336-45.

Boeke SJ, Boersma MG, Alink GM, et al. Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;94:25-41. View abstract.

Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, et al. Role of nicotinamide dinucleotide and related precursors as therapeutic targets for age-related degenerative diseases: rationale, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and outcomes. Antiox Redox Signal 2018. View abstract.

Chattopadhyay RR, Sarkar SK, Ganguly S, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaves on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1992;30:738-40. View abstract.

Chinnasamy N, Harishankar N, Kumar PU, Rukmini C. Toxicological studies on debitterized Neem oil (Azadirachta indica). Food Chem Toxicol 1993;31:297-301. View abstract.

Elson L, Randu K, Feldmeier H, Fillinger U. Efficacy of a mixture of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) and coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) for topical treatment of tungiasis. A randomized controlled, proof-of-principle study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(11):e0007822. View abstract.

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Environmental Protection Agency. Azadirachtin (121701) Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil (025007) Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/ factsheets/factsheet_025007.htm.(Accessed 9 March 2005).

Etebu E, Tasie AA, Daniel-Kalio LA. Post-harvest fungal quality of selected chewing sticks. Oral Dis 2003;9:95-8. View abstract.

Garg S, Talwar GP, Upadhyay SN. Immunocontraceptive activity guided fractionation and characterization of active constituents of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60:235-46. View abstract.

Giuggioli D, Lumetti F, Spinella A, et al. Use of Neem oil and Hypericum perforatum for treatment of calcinosis-related skin ulcers in systemic sclerosis. J Int Med Res 2019:300060519882176. Online ahead of print. View abstract.

Greenblatt DT, Banerjee P, White JM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by neem oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):242-3. View abstract.

Halim EM. Lowering of blood sugar by water extract of Azadirachta indica and Abroma augusta in diabetes rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2003;41:636-40. View abstract.

Ibrahim IA, Khalid SA, Omer SA, Adam SE. On the toxicology of Azadirachta indica leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;35:267-73. View abstract.

Jadhav PB. Leucoderma on the lips induced by neem (Azadirachta indica): case series. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):943-6. View abstract.

Jalaluddin M, Rajasekaran UB, Paul S, Dhanya RS, Sudeep CB, Adarsh VJ. Comparative evaluation of neem mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis: a double-blind crossover study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(7):567-71. View abstract.

Khillare B, Shrivastav TG. Spermicidal activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract. Contraception 2003;68:225-9. View abstract.

Lai SM, Lim KW, Cheng HK. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of toxic encephalopathy. Singapore Med J 1990;31:463-5. View abstract.

N D, H H, N S, Chander J SJU. Drug-Aggravated Bullous Pemphigoid in a 47-year-old Asian Woman – A Case Report. Curr Drug Saf 2022. View abstract.

Nesari TM, Bhardwaj A, ShriKrishna R, et al. Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Capsules for Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Infection: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2021;27(S1):196-203. View abstract.

Nimbulkar G, Garacha V, Shetty V, et al. Microbiological and clinical evaluation of neem gel and chlorhexidine gel on dental plaque and gingivitis in 20-30 years old adults: a randomized parallel-armed, double-blinded controlled trial. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020;12(Suppl 1):S345-S351. View abstract.

Nishad A, Sreesan NS, Joy J, Lakshmanan L, Thomas J, Anjali VA. Impact of mouthwashes on antibacterial activity of subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances: a randomized clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(12):1112-6. View abstract.

Page C, Hawes EM. Haemolytic anaemia after ingestion of Neem (Azadirachta indica) tea. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. pii: bcr2013200890. View abstract.

Pai MR, Acharya LD, Udupa N. Evaluation of antiplaque activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract gel-a 6-week clinical study. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:99-103. View abstract.

Pingali U, Ali MA, Gundagani S, Nutalapati C. Evaluation of the effect of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves and twigs on glycemic control, endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus – a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020;13:4401-12. View abstract.

Pingali U, Vuppalanchi B, Nutalapati C, Gundagani S. Aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) Extract Attenuates Insulin Resistance to Improve Glycemic Control and Endothelial Function in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. J Med Food 2021;24(11):1135-1144. View abstract.

Rajaiah Yogesh H, Gajjar T, Patel N, Kumawat R. Clinical study to assess efficacy and safety of Purifying Neem Face Wash in prevention and reduction of acne in healthy adults. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021. View abstract.

Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Gestmann F, et al. Randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled clinical study with lice shampoo (Licener®) versus dimethicone (Jacutin® Pedicul Fluid) for the treatment of infestations with head lice. Parasitol Res 2017;116(7):1863-70. View abstract.

Sinniah D, Baskaran G, Looi LM, Leong KL. Reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: report of a case with postmortem findings. Am J Gastroenterol 1982;77:158-61.

Sinniah D, Baskaran G. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of Reye’s syndrome. Lancet 1981;1:487-9. View abstract.

Sinniah R, Sinniah D, Chia LS, Baskaran G. Animal model of margosa oil ingestion with Reye-like syndrome. Pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver. J Pathol 1989;159:255-64. View abstract.

Upadhyay SN, Dhawan S, Garg S, Talwar GP. Immunomodulatory effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:1187-93. View abstract.

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