Nature
House dust mites (HDMs) are the most important causes of allergic sensitization and diseases. These mites are reported to colonize to the indoor environment, and the allergens of HDM target the epithelium of humans, hence demonstrating the unique characteristics of HDMs (1).
The three species of HDMs, namely Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Blomia tropicalis, are considered as the most prevalent allergen sources, found globally (2).
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The B. tropicalis was formerly classified as a storage dust mite, since it was widely found in storage facilities for grains, and as contaminants in grain-based processed foods. However, it has now been also recognized as a HDM, due to its high prevalence noted in the dusts of many subtropical and tropical homes (3). This species is also considered as the most prolific, non-pyroglyphid HDM (4). The characteristic feature of these mites includes the body length, measuring 0.23-0.47 mm, with globule-shaped, wrinkled, hairy body. Further, the male species have legs that contain flexed tarsus IV, with no anal suckers to it (5).
Habitat
House dust mites are highly prevalent in the indoor environment of every household, located in the temperate areas. It is reported that mites survive dry winters with humid, temperate climate. High levels of mite allergens are reported in older homes, and in homes that are devoid of air-conditioning, as compared to those with air-conditioners (1).
B. tropicalis is one such mite species, that is commonly found in the tropical and subtropical countries and grows best in warm and humid climatic conditions (6). The average lifespan of the male species is about 30.9 days, whereas it is 32.2 days for mated females (5).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic tree of Blomia Tropicalis (7) Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Metazoa Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Order Sarcoptiformes Family Echimyopodidae Genus Blomia Species Blomia tropicalis
Tissue
Fecal particles of HDM (including B. tropicalis) are the major source of allergen carrier in air, causing allergic reactions post-inhalation (8). The particle size of fecal pellets are extremely small, ranging between 10-40 µm, hence making it easier to be inhaled (5). Further, the pellets become transiently airborne during disturbance brought about by human activities, such as sweeping, dusting, vacuuming, or changing bedding (9).
Among B. tropicalis allergens, Blo t 5 and Blo t 21 exist in the mite bodies (hindgut, midgut) as well as in fecal particles (3, 10).
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