Iodine

This is a general overview. For more in-depth information, see our health professional fact sheet.

What is iodine and what does it do?

Iodine is a mineral found in some foods. The body needs iodine to make thyroid hormones. These hormones control the body’s metabolism and many other important functions. The body also needs thyroid hormones for proper bone and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Getting enough iodine is important for everyone, especially infants and women who are pregnant.

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How much iodine do I need?

The amount of iodine you need each day depends on your age. Average daily recommended amounts are listed below in micrograms (mcg).

Life Stage Recommended Amount Birth to 6 months 110 mcg Infants 7-12 months 130 mcg Children 1-8 years 90 mcg Children 9-13 years 120 mcg Teens 14-18 years 150 mcg Adults 150 mcg Pregnant teens and women 220 mcg Breastfeeding teens and women 290 mcg

What foods provide iodine?

Iodine is found naturally in some foods and is also added to salt that is labeled as iodized. You can get recommended amounts of iodine by eating a variety of foods, including the following:

• Fish (such as cod and tuna), seaweed, shrimp, and other seafood, which are generally rich in iodine
• Dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese) and eggs, which are also good sources of iodine
• Iodized salt, which is readily available in the United States and many other countries*

*Processed foods, such as canned soups, almost never contain iodized salt. In addition, specialty salts, such as sea salt, kosher salt, Himalayan salt, and fleur de sel, are not usually iodized. Product labels will indicate if the salt is iodized or provides iodide.

What kinds of iodine dietary supplements are available?

Iodine is available in dietary supplements, usually in the form of potassium iodide or sodium iodide. Many multivitamin/mineral supplements contain iodine. Dietary supplements of iodine-containing kelp (a seaweed) are also available.

Am I getting enough iodine?

Most people in the United States get enough iodine from foods and beverages. However, certain groups of people are more likely than others to have trouble getting enough iodine:

• People who do not use iodized salt. Adding iodine to salt is the most widely used strategy to control iodine deficiency. Currently, about 88% of households worldwide use iodized salt.
• Pregnant women. Women who are pregnant need about 50% more iodine than other women to provide enough iodine for their baby. Surveys show that many pregnant women in the United States may not get quite enough iodine, although experts do not know whether this affects their babies.
• People who follow a vegan diet or who eat few or no dairy products, seafood, and eggs. Seafood, eggs, milk, and milk products are among the best sources of iodine. People who don’t eat much of these foods or don’t eat them at all might not get enough iodine.
• People living in regions with iodine-deficient soils who eat mostly local foods. These soils produce crops that have low iodine levels. Among the regions with the most iodine-poor soil are mountainous areas, such as the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Andes regions, as well as river valleys in South and Southeast Asia.
• People who get marginal amounts of iodine and who also eat foods containing goitrogens. Goitrogens are substances that interfere with the way the body uses iodine. They are present in some plant foods including soy and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and brussels sprouts. For most people in the United States who get adequate amounts of iodine, eating reasonable amounts of foods containing goitrogens is not a concern.

What happens if I don’t get enough iodine?

Iodine deficiency is uncommon in the United States and Canada. People who don’t get enough iodine cannot make sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone. This can cause many problems. In pregnant women, severe iodine deficiency can permanently harm the fetus by causing stunted growth, intellectual disability, and delayed sexual development. Less severe iodine deficiency can cause lower-than-average IQ in infants and children and decrease adults’ ability to work and think clearly. Goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland, is often the first visible sign of iodine deficiency.

What are some effects of iodine on health?

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Scientists are studying iodine to understand how it affects health. Here are some examples of what this research has shown.

Fetal and infant development

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding need to get enough iodine for their babies to grow and develop properly. Breastfed infants get iodine from breast milk. However, the iodine content of breast milk depends on how much iodine the mother gets.

To make adequate amounts of iodine available for proper fetal and infant development, several national and international groups recommend that pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants take iodine supplements. The American Thyroid Association recommends that women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding take a daily supplement containing 150 mcg iodine as potassium iodide. The American Academy of Pediatrics has similar guidance. However, only about half the prenatal multivitamins sold in the United States contain iodine.

Cognitive function during childhood

Severe iodine deficiency during childhood has harmful effects on the development of the brain and nervous system. The effects of mild iodine deficiency during childhood are more difficult to measure, but mild iodine deficiency might cause subtle problems with neurological development.

Giving iodine supplements to children with mild iodine deficiency improves their reasoning abilities and overall cognitive function. In children living in iodine-deficient areas, iodine supplements seem to improve both physical and mental development. More study is needed to fully understand the effects of mild iodine deficiency and of iodine supplements on cognitive function.

Fibrocystic breast disease

Although not harmful, fibrocystic breast disease causes lumpy, painful breasts. It mainly affects women of reproductive age but can also occur during menopause. Very high doses of iodine supplements might reduce the pain and other symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease, but more study is necessary to confirm this. Check with your health care provider before taking iodine for this condition, especially because iodine can be unsafe at high doses.

Radiation-induced thyroid cancer

Nuclear accidents can release radioactive iodine into the environment, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer in people who are exposed to the radioactive iodine, especially children. People with iodine deficiency who are exposed to radioactive iodine are especially at risk of developing thyroid cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved potassium iodide as a thyroid-blocking agent to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer in radiation emergencies.

Low iodine diets for radioactive iodine treatment

Radioactive iodine treatment is used to treat some patients with thyroid cancer. Patients preparing for this treatment are usually told to follow a low iodine diet (50 mcg or less per day) for 1 to 2 weeks before treatment begins.

Foods that should be avoided when following a low iodine diet include:*

• Iodized salt
• Fish and other seafood, liver, seaweed, milk and milk products, and eggs
• Bread that is made with iodate dough conditioners (check the ingredient listings on product labels)
• Maraschino cherries and some red or pink beverages because these products are often made with iodine-containing red dyes
• Some dietary supplements such as kelp products and many multivitamin/mineral supplements (check the Supplement Facts label to see if iodine is listed). You can find products and view their Supplement Facts labels by searching the Dietary Supplement Label Database.

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* Nutrition Facts labels on foods usually list iodine only when the manufacturer has added iodine to the food. Foods that naturally contain iodine, such as seaweed and fish, will not usually show iodine on Nutrition Facts labels. Therefore, these labels cannot be relied upon to identify foods that contain iodine.

Foods that are lower in iodine and therefore okay to consume when following a low iodine diet include:

• Salt that is not iodized**
• Fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, beans, and nuts
• Plant-based milk substitutes (such as soy and almond beverages)
• Rice, pasta, and oatmeal
• Poultry, pork, and beef (except liver)
• Bread that is not made with iodate dough conditioners (check the ingredient listings on product labels)

** Salt that is not iodized (including many sea salts) is available in grocery stores. In addition, almost all salt used in processed foods in the United States is not iodized; product labels will indicate if the manufacturer used salt that is iodized or provides iodine.

The following resources may be helpful when planning low iodine diets:

• “Low Iodine Diet” from the American Thyroid Association provides guidelines and menu options for meals and snacks.
• The USDA, FDA, and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods lists the iodine content of hundreds of foods and beverages.

Can iodine be harmful?

Yes, if you get too much. Getting high levels of iodine can cause some of the same symptoms as iodine deficiency, including goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). High iodine intakes can also cause thyroid gland inflammation and thyroid cancer. Getting a very large dose of iodine (several grams, for example) can cause burning of the mouth, throat, and stomach; fever; stomach pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; weak pulse; and coma.

The daily upper limits for iodine include intakes from all sources—food, beverages, and supplements—and are listed below. These levels do not apply to people who are taking iodine for medical reasons under the care of a doctor.

Life Stage Upper Limit Birth to 12 months: Not established Children 1-3 years: 200 mcg Children 4-8 years: 300 mcg Children 9-13 years: 600 mcg Teens 14-18 years: 900 mcg Adults: 1,100 mcg

Does iodine interact with medications or other dietary supplements?

Yes. Iodine supplements can interact or interfere with medicines that you take. Here are several examples:

• Iodine supplements might interact with antithyroid medications such as methimazole (Tapazole), used to treat hyperthyroidism. Taking high doses of iodine with antithyroid medications could cause your body to produce too little thyroid hormone.
• Taking potassium iodide with medicines for high blood pressure known as ACE inhibitors could raise the amount of potassium in your blood to an unsafe level. ACE inhibitors include benazepril (Lotensin), lisinopril (Prinivil and Zestril), and fosinopril (Monopril).
• The amount of potassium in your blood can also get too high if you take potassium iodide with potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone (Aldactone) and amiloride (Midamor).

Tell your doctor, pharmacist, and other health care providers about any dietary supplements and prescription or over-the-counter medicines you take. They can tell you if these dietary supplements might interact with your medicines. They can also explain whether the medicines you take might interfere with how your body absorbs or uses iodine or other nutrients.

Iodine and healthful eating

People should get most of their nutrients from food and beverages, according to the federal government’s Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Foods contain vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and other components that benefit health. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible to meet needs for one or more nutrients (for example, during specific life stages such as pregnancy). For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, see the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate.

Where can I find out more about iodine?

• For general information on iodine
  • Office of Dietary Supplements Health (ODS) Professional Fact Sheet on Iodine
  • Iodine in diet, MedlinePlus
• For more advice on choosing dietary supplements
  • ODS Frequently Asked Questions: Which brand(s) of dietary supplements should I purchase?
• For information about building a healthy dietary pattern
  • MyPlate
  • Dietary Guidelines for Americans

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