CREATINE – Uses, Side Effects, and More

Aaserud, R., Gramvik, P., Olsen, S. R., and Jensen, J. Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running. Scand.J Med Sci.Sports 1998;8(5 Pt 1):247-251. View abstract.

Ahmun, R. P., Tong, R. J., and Grimshaw, P. N. The effects of acute creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycling and running performance in rugby players. J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(1):92-97. View abstract.

Al-Ghimlas, F. and Todd, D. C. Creatine supplementation for patients with COPD receiving pulmonary rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2010;15(5):785-795. View abstract.

Almeida, L. S., Rosenberg, E. H., Martinez-Munoz, C., Verhoeven, N. M., Vilarinho, L., Jakobs, C., and Salomons, G. S. Overexpression of GAMT restores GAMT activity in primary GAMT-deficient fibroblasts. Mol.Genet.Metab 2006;89(4):392-394. View abstract.

Almeida, L. S., Verhoeven, N. M., Roos, B., Valongo, C., Cardoso, M. L., Vilarinho, L., Salomons, G. S., and Jakobs, C. Creatine and guanidinoacetate: diagnostic markers for inborn errors in creatine biosynthesis and transport. Mol.Genet.Metab 2004;82(3):214-219. View abstract.

Alves, C. R., Ferreira, J. C., de Siqueira-Filho, M. A., Carvalho, C. R., Lancha, A. H., Jr., and Gualano, B. Creatine-induced glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: a role for AMPK-alpha? Amino.Acids 2012;43(4):1803-1807. View abstract.

Andreev NA, Andreeva TN, and Bichkov IV. Effect of phosphocreatine in congestive heart failure. Current Therapeutic Research 1992;51(5):649-660.

Anomasiri, W., Sanguanrungsirikul, S., and Saichandee, P. Low dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performance. J Med Assoc Thai 2004;87 Suppl 2:S228-S232. View abstract.

Ara, G., Gravelin, L. M., Kaddurah-Daouk, R., and Teicher, B. A. Antitumor activity of creatine analogs produced by alterations in pancreatic hormones and glucose metabolism. In Vivo 1998;12(2):223-231. View abstract.

Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., III, Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., and Vukovich, M. D. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1429-1434. View abstract.

Armstrong, M. J. and Miyasaki, J. M. Evidence-based guideline: pharmacologic treatment of chorea in Huntington disease: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 8-7-2012;79(6):597-603. View abstract.

Astorino, T. A., Marrocco, A. C., Gross, S. M., Johnson, D. L., Brazil, C. M., Icenhower, M. E., and Kneessi, R. J. Is running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestion? J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(4):730-734. View abstract.

Atassi, N., Ratai, E. M., Greenblatt, D. J., Pulley, D., Zhao, Y., Bombardier, J., Wallace, S., Eckenrode, J., Cudkowicz, M., and Dibernardo, A. A phase I, pharmacokinetic, dosage escalation study of creatine monohydrate in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph.Lateral.Scler. 2010;11(6):508-513. View abstract.

Ayoama, R., Hiruma, E., and Sasaki, H. Effects of creatine loading on muscular strength and endurance of female softball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003;43(4):481-487. View abstract.

Baldinger, R., Katzberg, H. D., and Weber, M. Treatment for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004157. View abstract.

Balsom PD, Ekblom B, Soderlund K, and et al. Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent excercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1993;3:143-149.

Banerjee, B., Sharma, U., Balasubramanian, K., Kalaivani, M., Kalra, V., and Jagannathan, N. R. Effect of creatine monohydrate in improving cellular energetics and muscle strength in ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled 31P MRS study. Magn Reson.Imaging 2010;28(5):698-707. View abstract.

Bassit, R. A., Curi, R., and Costa Rosa, L. F. Creatine supplementation reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 after a half-ironman competition. Amino.Acids 2008;35(2):425-431. View abstract.

Battini, R., Leuzzi, V., Carducci, C., Tosetti, M., Bianchi, M. C., Item, C. B., Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S., and Cioni, G. Creatine depletion in a new case with AGAT deficiency: clinical and genetic study in a large pedigree. Mol.Genet.Metab 2002;77(4):326-331. View abstract.

Bazzucchi, I., Felici, F., and Sacchetti, M. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on neuromuscular function. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2009;41(10):1934-1941. View abstract.

Bellinger, B. M., Bold, A., Wilson, G. R., Noakes, T. D., and Myburgh, K. H. Oral creatine supplementation decreases plasma markers of adenine nucleotide degradation during a 1-h cycle test. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000;170(3):217-224. View abstract.

Bemben MG, Witten MS Carter JM Eliot KA Knehans AW Bemben DA. The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(2):155-159. View abstract.

Bemben, M. G., Bemben, D. A., Loftiss, D. D., and Knehans, A. W. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in college football athletes. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(10):1667-1673. View abstract.

Bemben, M. G., Tuttle, T. D., Bemben, D. A., and Knehans, A. W. Effects of creatine supplementation on isometric force-time curve characteristics. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1876-1881. View abstract.

Benatar, M., Kurent, J., and Moore, D. H. Treatment for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD006153. View abstract.

Bender, A., Auer, D. P., Merl, T., Reilmann, R., Saemann, P., Yassouridis, A., Bender, J., Weindl, A., Dose, M., Gasser, T., and Klopstock, T. Creatine supplementation lowers brain glutamate levels in Huntington’s disease. J Neurol 2005;252(1):36-41. View abstract.

Bender, A., Samtleben, W., Elstner, M., and Klopstock, T. Long-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson disease. Nutr.Res. 2008;28(3):172-178. View abstract.

Bennett, T., Bathalon, G., Armstrong, D., III, Martin, B., Coll, R., Beck, R., Barkdull, T., O’Brien, K., and Deuster, P. A. Effect of creatine on performance of militarily relevant tasks and soldier health. Mil.Med 2001;166(11):996-1002. View abstract.

Bird, L. M., Tan, W. H., Bacino, C. A., Peters, S. U., Skinner, S. A., Anselm, I., Barbieri-Welge, R., Bauer-Carlin, A., Gentile, J. K., Glaze, D. G., Horowitz, L. T., Mohan, K. N., Nespeca, M. P., Sahoo, T., Sarco, D., Waisbren, S. E., and Beaudet, A. L. A therapeutic trial of pro-methylation dietary supplements in Angelman syndrome. Am J Med Genet.A 2011;155A(12):2956-2963. View abstract.

Biwer, C. J., Jensen, R. L., Schmidt, W. D., and Watts, P. B. The effect of creatine on treadmill running with high-intensity intervals. J Strength.Cond.Res 2003;17(3):439-445. View abstract.

Bodamer, O. A., Bloesch, S. M., Gregg, A. R., Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S., and O’Brien, W. E. Analysis of guanidinoacetate and creatine by isotope dilution electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim.Acta 2001;308(1-2):173-178. View abstract.

Bohnhorst, B., Geuting, T., Peter, C. S., Dordelmann, M., Wilken, B., and Poets, C. F. Randomized, controlled trial of oral creatine supplementation (not effective) for apnea of prematurity. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):e303-e307. View abstract.

Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. View abstract.

Bosboom, W., Vrancken, A. F., van den Berg, L. H., Wokke, J. H., and Iannaccone, S. T. Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD006282. View abstract.

Branch, J. D., Schwarz, W. D., and Van, Lunen B. Effect of creatine supplementation on cycle ergometer exercise in a hyperthermic environment. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2007;21(1):57-61. View abstract.

Brose, A., Parise, G., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol.Sci.Med Sci. 2003;58(1):11-19. View abstract.

Burke LM, Pyne DB, and Telford RD. Oral creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:S146.

Burke, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Davidson, K. S., Candow, D. G., Farthing, J., and Smith-Palmer, T. The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2001;11(3):349-364. View abstract.

Burke, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Parise, G., Candow, D. G., Mahoney, D., and Tarnopolsky, M. Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1946-1955. View abstract.

Burke, D. G., Silver, S., Holt, L. E., Smith, Palmer T., Culligan, C. J., and Chilibeck, P. D. The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(3):235-244. View abstract.

Burke, L. M., Pyne, D. B., and Telford, R. D. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on single-effort sprint performance in elite swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6(3):222-233. View abstract.

Cafiero, M., Strumia, E., Pirone, S., Pacileo, S., and Santoro, R. [The efficacy of creatine phosphate in the treatment of patients with heart failure. Its echographic evaluation after acute and protracted treatment]. Clin Ter. 1994;144(4):321-328. View abstract.

Camic, C. L., Hendrix, C. R., Housh, T. J., Zuniga, J. M., Mielke, M., Johnson, G. O., Schmidt, R. J., and Housh, D. J. The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength and power. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2010;24(12):3343-3351. View abstract.

Camilova UK, Katsenovich RA, and Kostco SZ. Combined use of phosphocreatine and nifedipine for treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Current Therapeutic Research 1991;50(5):591-298.

Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Burke, D. G., Mueller, K. D., and Lewis, J. D. Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2011;25(7):1831-1838. View abstract.

Candow, D. G., Little, J. P., Chilibeck, P. D., Abeysekara, S., Zello, G. A., Kazachkov, M., Cornish, S. M., and Yu, P. H. Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2008;40(9):1645-1652. View abstract.

Carducci, C., Birarelli, M., Leuzzi, V., Carducci, C., Battini, R., Cioni, G., and Antonozzi, I. Guanidinoacetate and creatine plus creatinine assessment in physiologic fluids: an effective diagnostic tool for the biochemical diagnosis of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiencies. Clin Chem 2002;48(10):1772-1778. View abstract.

Carducci, C., Santagata, S., Leuzzi, V., Carducci, C., Artiola, C., Giovanniello, T., Battini, R., and Antonozzi, I. Quantitative determination of guanidinoacetate and creatine in dried blood spot by flow injection analysis-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim.Acta 2006;364(1-2):180-187. View abstract.

Carter, J. M., Bemben, D. A., Knehans, A. W., Bemben, M. G., and Witten, M. S. Does nutritional supplementation influence adaptability of muscle to resistance training in men aged 48 to 72 years. J Geriatr.Phys.Ther 2005;28(2):40-47. View abstract.

Cerny, J., Nemec, P., Bucek, J., Cerny, E., Papousek, F., and Lojek, A. [The effect of creatine phosphate in patients after surgery in ischemic heart disease]. Vnitr.Lek. 1993;39(2):153-159. View abstract.

Chambers, D. J., Braimbridge, M. V., Kosker, S., Yamada, M., Jupp, R. A., and Crowther, A. Creatine phosphate (Neoton) as an additive to St. Thomas’ Hospital cardioplegic solution (Plegisol). Results of a clinical study. Eur J Cardiothorac.Surg 1991;5(2):74-81. View abstract.

Chang, C. T., Wu, C. H., Yang, C. W., Huang, J. Y., and Wu, M. S. Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2002;17(11):1978-1981. View abstract.

Cheillan, D., Cognat, S., Vandenberghe, N., Des, Portes, V, and Vianey-Saban, C. [Creatine deficiency syndromes]. Rev Neurol.(Paris) 2005;161(3):284-289. View abstract.

Chetlin, R. D., Gutmann, L., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Ullrich, I. H., and Yeater, R. A. Resistance training exercise and creatine in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Muscle Nerve 2004;30(1):69-76. View abstract.

Chilibeck, P. D., Chrusch, M. J., Chad, K. E., Shawn, Davison K., and Burke, D. G. Creatine monohydrate and resistance training increase bone mineral content and density in older men. J Nutr Health Aging 2005;9(5):352-353. View abstract.

Chilibeck, P. D., Stride, D., Farthing, J. P., and Burke, D. G. Effect of creatine ingestion after exercise on muscle thickness in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(10):1781-1788. View abstract.

Chrusch, M. J., Chilibeck, P. D., Chad, K. E., Davison, K. S., and Burke, D. G. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2111-2117. View abstract.

Chwalbinska-Moneta, J. Effect of creatine supplementation on aerobic performance and anaerobic capacity in elite rowers in the course of endurance training. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2003;13(2):173-183. View abstract.

Coco, M. and Perciavalle, V. Creatine ingestion effects on oxidative stress in a steady-state test at 75% VO(2max). J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 2012;52(2):165-169. View abstract.

Cornelissen, V. A., Defoor, J. G., Stevens, A., Schepers, D., Hespel, P., Decramer, M., Mortelmans, L., Dobbels, F., Vanhaecke, J., Fagard, R. H., and Vanhees, L. Effect of creatine supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy to exercise training in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin.Rehabil. 2010;24(11):988-999. View abstract.

Cornish, S. M., Candow, D. G., Jantz, N. T., Chilibeck, P. D., Little, J. P., Forbes, S., Abeysekara, S., and Zello, G. A. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2009;19(1):79-96. View abstract.

Cottrell, G. T., Coast, J. R., and Herb, R. A. Effect of recovery interval on multiple-bout sprint cycling performance after acute creatine supplementation. J Strength.Cond.Res 2002;16(1):109-116. View abstract.

Cox, G., Mujika, I., Tumilty, D., and Burke, L. Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2002;12(1):33-46. View abstract.

Cramer, J. T., Stout, J. R., Culbertson, J. Y., and Egan, A. D. Effects of creatine supplementation and three days of resistance training on muscle strength, power output, and neuromuscular function. J Strength.Cond.Res 2007;21(3):668-677. View abstract.

Crim, M. C., Calloway, D. H., and Margen, S. Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feeding. J Nutr. 1975;105(4):428-438. View abstract.

Deacon, S. J., Vincent, E. E., Greenhaff, P. L., Fox, J., Steiner, M. C., Singh, S. J., and Morgan, M. D. Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 8-1-2008;178(3):233-239. View abstract.

Delanghe, J., De Slypere, J. P., De Buyzere, M., Robbrecht, J., Wieme, R., and Vermeulen, A. Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians. Clin Chem. 1989;35(8):1802-1803. View abstract.

Deldicque, L., Louis, M., Theisen, D., Nielens, H., Dehoux, M., Thissen, J. P., Rennie, M. J., and Francaux, M. Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37(5):731-736. View abstract.

Delecluse, C., Diels, R., and Goris, M. Effect of creatine supplementation on intermittent sprint running performance in highly trained athletes. J Strength.Cond.Res 2003;17(3):446-454. View abstract.

Derave, W., Eijnde, B. O., Verbessem, P., Ramaekers, M., Van Leemputte, M., Richter, E. A., and Hespel, P. Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans. J Appl.Physiol 2003;94(5):1910-1916. View abstract.

Deutekom, M., Beltman, J. G., de Ruiter, C. J., de Koning, J. J., and de Haan, A. No acute effects of short-term creatine supplementation on muscle properties and sprint performance. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2000;82(3):223-229. View abstract.

Doherty, T. J., Lougheed, K., Markez, J., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine monohydrate does not increase strength in patients with hereditary neuropathy. Neurology 8-14-2001;57(3):559-560. View abstract.

Drory, V. E. and Gross, D. No effect of creatine on respiratory distress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph.Lateral.Scler.Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2002;3(1):43-46. View abstract.

Easton, C., Calder, A., Prior, F., Dobinson, S., I’Anson, R., MacGregor, R., Mohammad, Y., Kingsmore, D., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. The effects of a novel “fluid loading” strategy on cardiovascular and haematological responses to orthostatic stress. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 2009;105(6):899-908. View abstract.

Easton, C., Turner, S., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. Creatine and glycerol hyperhydration in trained subjects before exercise in the heat. Int.J.Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2007;17(1):70-91. View abstract.

Eckerson, J. M., Stout, J. R., Moore, G. A., Stone, N. J., Iwan, K. A., Gebauer, A. N., and Ginsberg, R. Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women. J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(4):756-763. View abstract.

Eckerson, J. M., Stout, J. R., Moore, G. A., Stone, N. J., Nishimura, K., and Tamura, K. Effect of two and five days of creatine loading on anaerobic working capacity in women. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2004;18(1):168-173. View abstract.

Eijnde BO, Urso, B., Richter, E. A., Greenhaff, P. L., and Hespel, P. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization. Diabetes 2001;50(1):18-23. View abstract.

Eijnde, B. O., Van Leemputte, M., Goris, M., Labarque, V., Taes, Y., Verbessem, P., Vanhees, L., Ramaekers, M., Vanden Eynde, B., Van Schuylenbergh, R., Dom, R., Richter, E. A., and Hespel, P. Effects of creatine supplementation and exercise training on fitness in men 55-75 yr old. J Appl.Physiol 2003;95(2):818-828. View abstract.

Engelhardt, M., Neumann, G., Berbalk, A., and Reuter, I. Creatine supplementation in endurance sports. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 1998;30(7):1123-1129. View abstract.

Ensenauer, R., Thiel, T., Schwab, K. O., Tacke, U., Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S., Schulze, A., Hennig, J., and Lehnert, W. Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: differences of creatine uptake in human brain and muscle. Mol.Genet.Metab 2004;82(3):208-213. View abstract.

Escolar, D. M., Buyse, G., Henricson, E., Leshner, R., Florence, J., Mayhew, J., Tesi-Rocha, C., Gorni, K., Pasquali, L., Patel, K. M., McCarter, R., Huang, J., Mayhew, T., Bertorini, T., Carlo, J., Connolly, A. M., Clemens, P. R., Goemans, N., Iannaccone, S. T., Igarashi, M., Nevo, Y., Pestronk, A., Subramony, S. H., Vedanarayanan, V. V., and Wessel, H. CINRG randomized controlled trial of creatine and glutamine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2005;58(1):151-155. View abstract.

Faager, G., Soderlund, K., Skold, C. M., Rundgren, S., Tollback, A., and Jakobsson, P. Creatine supplementation and physical training in patients with COPD: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Chron.Obstruct.Pulmon.Dis 2006;1(4):445-453. View abstract.

Ferraro S, Maddalena G, Fazio S, and et al. Acute and short-term efficacy of high doses of creatine phosphate in the treatment of cardiac failure. Current Therapeutic Research 1990;47(6):917-923.

Finn, J. P., Ebert, T. R., Withers, R. T., Carey, M. F., Mackay, M., Phillips, J. W., and Febbraio, M. A. Effect of creatine supplementation on metabolism and performance in humans during intermittent sprint cycling. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2001;84(3):238-243. View abstract.

Forsberg, A. M., Nilsson, E., Werneman, J., Bergstrom, J., and Hultman, E. Muscle composition in relation to age and sex. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991;81(2):249-256. View abstract.

Freilinger, M., Dunkler, D., Lanator, I., Item, C. B., Muhl, A., Fowler, B., and Bodamer, O. A. Effects of creatine supplementation in Rett syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J.Dev.Behav.Pediatr. 2011;32(6):454-460. View abstract.

Fukuda, D. H., Smith, A. E., Kendall, K. L., and Stout, J. R. The possible combinatory effects of acute consumption of caffeine, creatine, and amino acids on the improvement of anaerobic running performance in humans. Nutr.Res. 2010;30(9):607-614. View abstract.

Fukuda, D. H., Smith, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Dwyer, T. R., Kerksick, C. M., Beck, T. W., Cramer, J. T., and Stout, J. R. The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2010;24(7):1826-1833. View abstract.

Fuld, J. P., Kilduff, L. P., Neder, J. A., Pitsiladis, Y., Lean, M. E., Ward, S. A., and Cotton, M. M. Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005;60(7):531-537. View abstract.

Fumagalli, S., Fattirolli, F., Guarducci, L., Cellai, T., Baldasseroni, S., Tarantini, F., Di, Bari M., Masotti, G., and Marchionni, N. Coenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34(4):211-217. View abstract.

Gill, N. D., Hall, R. D., and Blazevich, A. J. Creatine serum is not as effective as creatine powder for improving cycle sprint performance in competitive male team-sport athletes. J Strength.Cond.Res 2004;18(2):272-275. View abstract.

Gordon, P. H., Cheung, Y. K., Levin, B., Andrews, H., Doorish, C., Macarthur, R. B., Montes, J., Bednarz, K., Florence, J., Rowin, J., Boylan, K., Mozaffar, T., Tandan, R., Mitsumoto, H., Kelvin, E. A., Chapin, J., Bedlack, R., Rivner, M., McCluskey, L. F., Pestronk, A., Graves, M., Sorenson, E. J., Barohn, R. J., Belsh, J. M., Lou, J. S., Levine, T., Saperstein, D., Miller, R. G., and Scelsa, S. N. A novel, efficient, randomized selection trial comparing combinations of drug therapy for ALS. Amyotroph.Lateral.Scler. 2008;9(4):212-222. View abstract.

Gosselink R, Spruit MA Troosters T et al. Oral creatine supplementation (CR) in COPD exercise training: a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL) controlled trial [Abstract]. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 2003;167:A961.

Gotshalk, L. A., Kraemer, W. J., Mendonca, M. A., Vingren, J. L., Kenny, A. M., Spiering, B. A., Hatfield, D. L., Fragala, M. S., and Volek, J. S. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 2008;102(2):223-231. View abstract.

Gotshalk, L. A., Volek, J. S., Staron, R. S., Denegar, C. R., Hagerman, F. C., and Kraemer, W. J. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(3):537-543. View abstract.

Grazioli I, Melzi G, and Strumia E. Multicenter controlled study of creatine phosphate in the treatment of heart failure. Current Therapeutic Research 1992;52(2):271-280.

Green, J. M., McLester, J. R., Smith, J. E., and Mansfield, E. R. The effects of creatine supplementation on repeated upper- and lower-body Wingate performance. J Strength.Cond.Res 2001;15(1):36-41. View abstract.

Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Harris RC, and et al. The influence of oral creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis following intense contraction in man. J Physiol 1993;467:75p.

Greenhaff, P. L. Creatine and its application as an ergogenic aid. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995;5 Suppl:S100-S110. View abstract.

Greenhaff, P. L., Casey, A., Short, A. H., Harris, R., Soderlund, K., and Hultman, E. Influence of oral creatine supplementation of muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man. Clin Sci.(Lond) 1993;84(5):565-571. View abstract.

Grindstaff, P. D., Kreider, R., Bishop, R., Wilson, M., Wood, L., Alexander, C., and Almada, A. Effects of creatine supplementation on repetitive sprint performance and body composition in competitive swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr. 1997;7(4):330-346. View abstract.

Groeneveld, G. J., Beijer, C., Veldink, J. H., Kalmijn, S., Wokke, J. H., and van den Berg, L. H. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2005;26(4):307-313. View abstract.

Gualano, B., de, Salles Painelli, V, Roschel, H., Lugaresi, R., Dorea, E., Artioli, G. G., Lima, F. R., da Silva, M. E., Cunha, M. R., Seguro, A. C., Shimizu, M. H., Otaduy, M. C., Sapienza, M. T., da Costa, Leite C., Bonfa, E., and Lancha Junior, A. H. Creatine supplementation does not impair kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 2011;111(5):749-756. View abstract.

Gualano, B., Ferreira, D. C., Sapienza, M. T., Seguro, A. C., and Lancha, A. H., Jr. Effect of short-term high-dose creatine supplementation on measured GFR in a young man with a single kidney. Am.J.Kidney Dis. 2010;55(3):e7-e9. View abstract.

Gualano, B., Novaes, R. B., Artioli, G. G., Freire, T. O., Coelho, D. F., Scagliusi, F. B., Rogeri, P. S., Roschel, H., Ugrinowitsch, C., and Lancha, A. H., Jr. Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training. Amino.Acids 2008;34(2):245-250. View abstract.

Gufford, B. T., Sriraghavan, K., Miller, N. J., Miller, D. W., Gu, X., Vennerstrom, J. L., and Robinson, D. H. Physicochemical characterization of creatine N-methylguanidinium salts. J.Diet.Suppl 2010;7(3):240-252. View abstract.

Hamilton, K. L., Meyers, M. C., Skelly, W. A., and Marley, R. J. Oral creatine supplementation and upper extremity anaerobic response in females. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(3):277-289. View abstract.

Harris, R. C., Nevill, M., Harris, D. B., Fallowfield, J. L., Bogdanis, G. C., and Wise, J. A. Absorption of creatine supplied as a drink, in meat or in solid form. J Sports Sci. 2002;20(2):147-151. View abstract.

Havenetidis, K. and Bourdas, D. Creatine supplementation: effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003;43(3):347-355. View abstract.

Herda, T. J., Beck, T. W., Ryan, E. D., Smith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Hartman, M. J., Stout, J. R., and Cramer, J. T. Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2009;23(3):818-826. View abstract.

Hespel, P., Op’t, Eijnde B., and Van Leemputte, M. Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans. J.Appl.Physiol 2002;92(2):513-518. View abstract.

Hoffman, J. R., Stout, J. R., Falvo, M. J., Kang, J., and Ratamess, N. A. Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance. J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(2):260-264. View abstract.

Holtzman, D., Togliatti, A., Khait, I., and Jensen, F. Creatine increases survival and suppresses seizures in the hypoxic immature rat. Pediatr.Res 1998;44(3):410-414. View abstract.

Huso, M. E., Hampl, J. S., Johnston, C. S., and Swan, P. D. Creatine supplementation influences substrate utilization at rest. J Appl.Physiol 2002;93(6):2018-2022. View abstract.

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Inglese, M., Li, B. S., Rusinek, H., Babb, J. S., Grossman, R. I., and Gonen, O. Diffusely elevated cerebral choline and creatine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson.Med. 2003;50(1):190-195. View abstract.

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Item, C. B., Mercimek-Mahmutoglu, S., Battini, R., Edlinger-Horvat, C., Stromberger, C., Bodamer, O., Muhl, A., Vilaseca, M. A., Korall, H., and Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S. Characterization of seven novel mutations in seven patients with GAMT deficiency. Hum.Mutat. 2004;23(5):524. View abstract.

Izquierdo, M., Ibanez, J., Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J., and Gorostiaga, E. M. Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle power, endurance, and sprint performance. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(2):332-343. View abstract.

Jacobs, I., Bleue, S., and Goodman, J. Creatine ingestion increases anaerobic capacity and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit. Can J Appl.Physiol 1997;22(3):231-243. View abstract.

Jacobs, P. L., Mahoney, E. T., Cohn, K. A., Sheradsky, L. F., and Green, B. A. Oral creatine supplementation enhances upper extremity work capacity in persons with cervical-level spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(1):19-23. View abstract.

Jahangir, E., Vita, J. A., Handy, D., Holbrook, M., Palmisano, J., Beal, R., Loscalzo, J., and Eberhardt, R. T. The effect of L-arginine and creatine on vascular function and homocysteine metabolism. Vasc.Med. 2009;14(3):239-248. View abstract.

Jakobi, J. M., Rice, C. L., Curtin, S. V., and Marsh, G. D. Neuromuscular properties and fatigue in older men following acute creatine supplementation. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2001;84(4):321-328. View abstract.

Javierre, C., Barbany, J. R., Bonjorn, V. M., Lizarraga, M. A., Ventura, J. L., and Segura, R. Creatine supplementation and performance in 6 consecutive 60 meter sprints. J Physiol Biochem 2004;60(4):265-271. View abstract.

Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M. A., Ventura, J. L., Garrido, E., and Segura, R. Creatine supplementation does not improve physical performance in a 150 m race. Rev Esp.Fisiol. 1997;53(4):343-348. View abstract.

Johnston, A. P., Burke, D. G., MacNeil, L. G., and Candow, D. G. Effect of creatine supplementation during cast-induced immobilization on the preservation of muscle mass, strength, and endurance. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2009;23(1):116-120. View abstract.

Ju, J. S., Smith, J. L., Oppelt, P. J., and Fisher, J. S. Creatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2005;288(2):E347-E352. View abstract.

Juhasz, I., Gyore, I., Csende, Z., Racz, L., and Tihanyi, J. Creatine supplementation improves the anaerobic performance of elite junior fin swimmers. Acta Physiol Hung. 2009;96(3):325-336. View abstract.

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Kambis, K. W. and Pizzedaz, S. K. Short-term creatine supplementation improves maximum quadriceps contraction in women. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2003;13(1):87-96. View abstract.

Kendall, K. L., Smith, A. E., Graef, J. L., Fukuda, D. H., Moon, J. R., Beck, T. W., Cramer, J. T., and Stout, J. R. Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2009;23(6):1663-1669. View abstract.

Kendall, R. W., Jacquemin, G., Frost, R., and Burns, S. P. Creatine supplementation for weak muscles in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Spinal Cord.Med 2005;28(3):208-213. View abstract.

Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Campbell, W. I., Harvey, T. M., Marcello, B. M., Roberts, M. D., Parker, A. G., Byars, A. G., Greenwood, L. D., Almada, A. L., Kreider, R. B., and Greenwood, M. The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation with and without D-pinitol on resistance training adaptations. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2009;23(9):2673-2682. View abstract.

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Kilduff, L. P., Pitsiladis, Y. P., Tasker, L., Attwood, J., Hyslop, P., Dailly, A., Dickson, I., and Grant, S. Effects of creatine on body composition and strength gains after 4 weeks of resistance training in previously nonresistance-trained humans. Int.J.Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2003;13(4):504-520. View abstract.

Kilduff, L. P., Vidakovic, P., Cooney, G., Twycross-Lewis, R., Amuna, P., Parker, M., Paul, L., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. Effects of creatine on isometric bench-press performance in resistance-trained humans. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(7):1176-1183. View abstract.

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Kinugasa, R., Akima, H., Ota, A., Ohta, A., Sugiura, K., and Kuno, S. Y. Short-term creatine supplementation does not improve muscle activation or sprint performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;91(2-3):230-237. View abstract.

Kirksey KB, Warren BJ, Stone MH, and et al. The effects of six weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation in male and female track athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29(5 Suppl):S145.

Kley, R. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., and Vorgerd, M. Creatine for treating muscle disorders. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(2):CD004760. View abstract.

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Klopstock, T., Querner, V., Schmidt, F., Gekeler, F., Walter, M., Hartard, M., Henning, M., Gasser, T., Pongratz, D., Straube, A., Dieterich, M., and Muller-Felber, W. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of creatine in mitochondrial diseases. Neurology 12-12-2000;55(11):1748-1751. View abstract.

Knott, A., Koop, U., Mielke, H., Reuschlein, K., Peters, N., Muhr, G. M., Lenz, H., Wensorra, U., Jaspers, S., Kolbe, L., Raschke, T., Stab, F., Wenck, H., and Gallinat, S. A novel treatment option for photoaged skin. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2008;7(1):15-22. View abstract.

Kocak, S. and Karli, U. Effects of high dose oral creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity of elite wrestlers. J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 2003;43(4):488-492. View abstract.

Koenig CA, Benardot D Cody M Thompson WR. Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(4):1081-1086. View abstract.

Kornblum, C., Schroder, R., Muller, K., Vorgerd, M., Eggers, J., Bogdanow, M., Papassotiropoulos, A., Fabian, K., Klockgether, T., and Zange, J. Creatine has no beneficial effect on skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with single mitochondrial DNA deletions: a placebo-controlled, double-blind 31P-MRS crossover study. Eur J Neurol 2005;12(4):300-309. View abstract.

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Kreider, R. B. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med 1999;27(2):97-110. View abstract.

Kristensen, C. A., Askenasy, N., Jain, R. K., and Koretsky, A. P. Creatine and cyclocreatine treatment of human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts: 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Br J Cancer 1999;79(2):278-285. View abstract.

Kuehl K, Goldberg L, and Elliot D. Renal insufficiency after creatine supplementation in a college football athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30(5 Suppl ):S235.

Lambert, C. P., Archer, R. L., Carrithers, J. A., Fink, W. J., Evans, W. J., and Trappe, T. A. Influence of creatine monohydrate ingestion on muscle metabolites and intense exercise capacity in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(8):1206-1210. View abstract.

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Leader, A., Amital, D., Rubinow, A., and Amital, H. An open-label study adding creatine monohydrate to ongoing medical regimens in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2009;1173:829-836. View abstract.

Lee, C. L., Lin, J. C., and Cheng, C. F. Effect of caffeine ingestion after creatine supplementation on intermittent high-intensity sprint performance. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2011;111(8):1669-1677. View abstract.

Lehmkuhl, M., Malone, M., Justice, B., Trone, G., Pistilli, E., Vinci, D., Haff, E. E., Kilgore, J. L., and Haff, G. G. The effects of 8 weeks of creatine monohydrate and glutamine supplementation on body composition and performance measures. J Strength.Cond.Res 2003;17(3):425-438. View abstract.

Ling, J., Kritikos, M., and Tiplady, B. Cognitive effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation. Behav.Pharmacol. 2009;20(8):673-679. View abstract.

Lopez, R. M., Casa, D. J., McDermott, B. P., Ganio, M. S., Armstrong, L. E., and Maresh, C. M. Does creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status? A systematic review with meta-analyses. J.Athl.Train. 2009;44(2):215-223. View abstract.

Louis, M., Lebacq, J., Poortmans, J. R., Belpaire-Dethiou, M. C., Devogelaer, J. P., Van Hecke, P., Goubel, F., and Francaux, M. Beneficial effects of creatine supplementation in dystrophic patients. Muscle Nerve 2003;27(5):604-610. View abstract.

Lugaresi, R., Leme, M., de, Salles Painelli, V, Murai, I. H., Roschel, H., Sapienza, M. T., Lancha Junior, A. H., and Gualano, B. Does long-term creatine supplementation impair kidney function in resistance-trained individuals consuming a high-protein diet? J.Int.Soc.Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):26. View abstract.

Lyoo, I. K., Yoon, S., Kim, T. S., Hwang, J., Kim, J. E., Won, W., Bae, S., and Renshaw, P. F. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder. Am.J.Psychiatry 2012;169(9):937-945. View abstract.

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Matsumura, T., Yokoe, M., Nakamori, M., Hattori, N., Saito, T., Nozaki, S., Fujimura, H., and Shinno, S. [A clinical trial of creatine monohydrate in muscular dystrophy patients]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2004;44(10):661-666. View abstract.

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Mazzini, L., Balzarini, C., Colombo, R., Mora, G., Pastore, I., De Ambrogio, R., and Caligari, M. Effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and muscular strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: preliminary results. J Neurol.Sci. 10-15-2001;191(1-2):139-144. View abstract.

McMorris, T., Mielcarz, G., Harris, R. C., Swain, J. P., and Howard, A. Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals. Neuropsychol.Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol.Cogn 2007;14(5):517-528. View abstract.

Melton C, Kreider R, Rasmussen C, and et al. Effects of ingesting creatine containing supplements during training on blood lipid profiles. 83rd Annual Experimental Biology Meeting 1999;

Mendel, R. W., Blegen, M., Cheatham, C., Antonio, J., and Ziegenfuss, T. Effects of creatine on thermoregulatory responses while exercising in the heat. Nutrition 2005;21(3):301-307. View abstract.

Mercimek-Mahmutoglu, S., Connolly, M. B., Poskitt, K. J., Horvath, G. A., Lowry, N., Salomons, G. S., Casey, B., Sinclair, G., Davis, C., Jakobs, C., and Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S. Treatment of intractable epilepsy in a female with SLC6A8 deficiency. Mol.Genet.Metab 2010;101(4):409-412. View abstract.

Mercimek-Mahmutoglu, S., Stoeckler-Ipsiroglu, S., Adami, A., Appleton, R., Araujo, H. C., Duran, M., Ensenauer, R., Fernandez-Alvarez, E., Garcia, P., Grolik, C., Item, C. B., Leuzzi, V., Marquardt, I., Muhl, A., Saelke-Kellermann, R. A., Salomons, G. S., Schulze, A., Surtees, R., van der Knaap, M. S., Vasconcelos, R., Verhoeven, N. M., Vilarinho, L., Wilichowski, E., and Jakobs, C. GAMT deficiency: features, treatment, and outcome in an inborn error of creatine synthesis. Neurology 8-8-2006;67(3):480-484. View abstract.

Mestre, T., Ferreira, J., Coelho, M. M., Rosa, M., and Sampaio, C. Therapeutic interventions for disease progression in Huntington’s disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(3):CD006455. View abstract.

Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, and et al. The effect of creatine supplementation on blood pressure, plasma creatine kinase, and body composition. FASEB J 1998;12:A652.

Murphy, A. J., Watsford, M. L., Coutts, A. J., and Richards, D. A. Effects of creatine supplementation on aerobic power and cardiovascular structure and function. J Sci Med Sport 2005;8(3):305-313. View abstract.

Myburgh KH, Bold A, Bellinger B, and et al. Creatine supplementation and sprint training in cyclists: metabolic and performance effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28(5 Suppl ):S81.

Myburgh, K H FACSM, Bold, A*, Bellinger, B*, Wilson, G*, and Noakes, T D FACSM. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AND SPRINT TRAINING IN CYCLISTS: METABOLIC AND PERFORMANCE EFFECTS. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1996;28(5):81.

Nanto-Salonen, K., Komu, M., Lundbom, N., Heinanen, K., Alanen, A., Sipila, I., and Simell, O. Reduced brain creatine in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia. Neurology 7-22-1999;53(2):303-307. View abstract.

Ndika, J. D., Johnston, K., Barkovich, J. A., Wirt, M. D., O’Neill, P., Betsalel, O. T., Jakobs, C., and Salomons, G. S. Developmental progress and creatine restoration upon long-term creatine supplementation of a patient with arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency. Mol.Genet.Metab 2012;106(1):48-54. View abstract.

Nelson, A. G., Day, R., Glickman-Weiss, E. L., Hegsted, M., Kokkonen, J., and Sampson, B. Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2000;83(1):89-94. View abstract.

Neves, M., Jr., Gualano, B., Roschel, H., Fuller, R., Benatti, F. B., Pinto, A. L., Lima, F. R., Pereira, R. M., Lancha, A. H., Jr., and Bonfa, E. Beneficial effect of creatine supplementation in knee osteoarthritis. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1538-1543. View abstract.

Neves, M., Jr., Gualano, B., Roschel, H., Lima, F. R., Lucia, de Sa-Pinto, Seguro, A. C., Shimizu, M. H., Sapienza, M. T., Fuller, R., Lancha, A. H., Jr., and Bonfa, E. Effect of creatine supplementation on measured glomerular filtration rate in postmenopausal women. Appl.Physiol Nutr.Metab 2011;36(3):419-422. View abstract.

Newman, J. E., Hargreaves, M., Garnham, A., and Snow, R. J. Effect of creatine ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):69-74. View abstract.

NINDS NET-PD Investigators. A pilot clinical trial of creatine and minocycline in early Parkinson disease: 18-month results. Clin.Neuropharmacol. 2008;31(3):141-150. View abstract.

O’Rourke, D. J., Ryan, S., Salomons, G., Jakobs, C., Monavari, A., and King, M. D. Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency: late onset of movement disorder and preserved expressive language. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2009;51(5):404-407. View abstract.

Oopik, V., Paasuke, M., Timpmann, S., Medijainen, L., Ereline, J., and Smirnova, T. Effect of creatine supplementation during rapid body mass reduction on metabolism and isokinetic muscle performance capacity. Eur.J Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1998;78(1):83-92. View abstract.

Op ‘t, Eijnde B., Vergauwen, L., and Hespel, P. Creatine loading does not impact on stroke performance in tennis. Int J Sports Med 2001;22(1):76-80. View abstract.

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Ostojic, S. M. Creatine supplementation in young soccer players. Int.J.Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2004;14(1):95-103. View abstract.

Parashos, S. A., Swearingen, C. J., Biglan, K. M., Bodis-Wollner, I., Liang, G. S., Ross, G. W., Tilley, B. C., and Shulman, L. M. Determinants of the timing of symptomatic treatment in early Parkinson disease: The National Institutes of Health Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) Experience. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1099-1104. View abstract.

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Pedone, V., Corbelli, C., Frondini, C., Franchi, R., Luppi, M., Lonardo, E., Balboni, A., Monetti, N., and di Biase, G. [Myocardial T1-201 scintigraphy in the study of the development of acute myocardial infarction. Evaluation of the effects of a drug with metabolic action: creatine phosphate]. Clin Ter. 12-31-1984;111(6):531-538. View abstract.

Peirano, R. I., Achterberg, V., Dusing, H. J., Akhiani, M., Koop, U., Jaspers, S., Kruger, A., Schwengler, H., Hamann, T., Wenck, H., Stab, F., Gallinat, S., and Blatt, T. Dermal penetration of creatine from a face-care formulation containing creatine, guarana and glycerol is linked to effective antiwrinkle and antisagging efficacy in male subjects. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2011;10(4):273-281. View abstract.

Peyrebrune, M. C., Nevill, M. E., Donaldson, F. J., and Cosford, D. J. The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. J Sports Sci. 1998;16(3):271-279. View abstract.

Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. View abstract.

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Poortmans, J. R. and Francaux, M. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 7-18-1998;352(9123):234. View abstract.

Powers, M. E., Arnold, B. L., Weltman, A. L., Perrin, D. H., Mistry, D., Kahler, D. M., Kraemer, W., and Volek, J. Creatine Supplementation Increases Total Body Water Without Altering Fluid Distribution. J Athl.Train. 2003;38(1):44-50. View abstract.

Preen, D., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Beilby, J., and Ching, S. Creatine supplementation: a comparison of loading and maintenance protocols on creatine uptake by human skeletal muscle. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2003;13(1):97-111. View abstract.

Preen, D., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Lawrence, S., Beilby, J., and Ching, S. Pre-exercise oral creatine ingestion does not improve prolonged intermittent sprint exercise in humans. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2002;42(3):320-329. View abstract.

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