Living environment
Within any given geographical region, dust mites vary in their distribution among specific locations and with the seasons. The highest mite numbers are found in private homes, and higher mite allergen exposure correlates with higher education, higher household income, and lower population density in the home (16).
Mite allergen levels are higher in older homes and non-air-conditioned dwellings (17). Apartments in the inner city have low dust mite levels, with mouse and cockroach allergens predominating. (18)
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Worldwide distribution
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There is good evidence that dramatically decreasing exposure to dust mite allergens can reduce symptoms related to dust mites in patients with already established asthma and rhinitis. This evidence comes from controlled trials of avoidance and from confining patients to a sanatorium or to a hospital-based allergen “free” unit. (5-8)
High altitude is generally not hospitable to dust mites, which may part of the explanation that before the discovery of dust mites, sanitaria for asthma and other respiratory diseases were often built at high altitudes, e.g., the Alps in Europe and Denver, CO, in the USA. Dust mite growth (9) and sensitization (10) are much lower in the Alps than at sea level, the apparent result of the lower indoor humidity at high altitude.
Some of the most impressive results have come from Sanatoria at high altitudes in the Alps, but these studies are complicated to interpret because such confinement will also reduce exposure to animal dander and fungi, as well as mites (5, 11, 12).
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Dust mites are found worldwide except in the Arctic and Antarctica. D. pteronyssinus tends to be more abundant in Europe than in the United States.
As a source of sensitizing allergens, mites dominate in environments with temperate climates, damp and humid dwellings and most families live in separate homes (New Zealand, Australia, Europe (West and Central) England, Scotland, areas of the United States and South America where homes are both warm and damp. In contrast, in northern areas of Europe where the climate is extremely dry mites cannot survive the winter. (13)
D. pteronyssinus dominates in the UK, and New Zealand, while D. farinae is more prevalent in some areas of the United States, and Blomia tropicalis is dominant in areas of South America and other tropical areas. (14, 15)
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