PROPOLIS – Uses, Side Effects, and More

Abdel-Fattah, N. S. and Nada, O. H. Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 2007;37(2 Suppl):691-710. View abstract.

Al Shaher, A., Wallace, J., Agarwal, S., Bretz, W., and Baugh, D. Effect of propolis on human fibroblasts from the pulp and periodontal ligament. J Endod. 2004;30(5):359-361. View abstract.

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Almas, K., Mahmoud, A., and Dahlan, A. A comparative study of propolis and saline application on human dentin. A SEM study. Indian J Dent.Res 2001;12(1):21-27. View abstract.

Amoros, M., Simoes, C. M., Girre, L., Sauvager, F., and Cormier, M. Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. J Nat Prod. 1992;55(12):1732-1740. View abstract.

Bankova, V., Marcucci, M. C., Simova, S., and et al. Antibacterial diterpenic acids from Brazilian propolis. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1996;51(5-6):277-280. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., and et al. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):239-246. View abstract.

Bezuglyi, B. S. [Effect of the Propomix preparation on corneal regeneration]. Oftalmol.Zh. 1980;35(1):48-52. View abstract.

Black, R. J. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2005;30(1):91-92. View abstract.

Bosio, K., Avanzini, C., D’Avolio, A., and et al. In vitro activity of propolis against Streptococcus pyogenes. Lett Appl.Microbiol. 2000;31(2):174-177. View abstract.

Botushanov, P. I., Grigorov, G. I., and Aleksandrov, G. A. A clinical study of a silicate toothpaste with extract from propolis. Folia Med (Plovdiv.) 2001;43(1-2):28-30. View abstract.

Boyanova, L., Kolarov, R., Gergova, G., and Mitov, I. In vitro activity of Bulgarian propolis against 94 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobe. 2006;12(4):173-177. View abstract.

Brumfitt, W., Hamilton-Miller, J. M., and Franklin, I. Antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. Propolis. Microbios 1990;62(250):19-22. View abstract.

Chen, T. G., Lee, J. J., Lin, K. H., Shen, C. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Antiplatelet activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester is mediated through a cyclic GMP-dependent pathway in human platelets. Chin J Physiol 6-30-2007;50(3):121-126. View abstract.

Coelho, L. G., Bastos, E. M., Resende, C. C., Paula e Silva CM, Sanches, B. S., de Castro, F. J., Moretzsohn, L. D., Vieira, W. L., and Trindade, O. R. Brazilian green propolis on Helicobacter pylori infection. a pilot clinical study. Helicobacter. 2007;12(5):572-574. View abstract.

Cohen, H. A., Varsano, I., Kahan, E., Sarrell, E. M., and Uziel, Y. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch.Pediatr.Adolesc.Med. 2004;158(3):217-221. View abstract.

Crisan, I., Zaharia, C. N., Popovici, F., and et al. Natural propolis extract NIVCRISOL in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis in children. Rom.J Virol. 1995;46(3-4):115-133. View abstract.

De Vecchi, E. and Drago, L. [Propolis’ antimicrobial activity: what’s new?]. Infez.Med 2007;15(1):7-15. View abstract.

Debiaggi, M., Tateo, F., Pagani, L., and et al. Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica 1990;13(3):207-213. View abstract.

Dumitrescu, M., Crisan, I., and Esanu, V. [The mechanism of the antiherpetic action of an aqueous propolis extract. II. The action of the lectins of an aqueous propolis extract]. Rev Roum.Virol. 1993;44(1-2):49-54. View abstract.

Eley, B. M. Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque-a review. Br Dent.J 3-27-1999;186(6):286-296. View abstract.

Feiks FK. Topical application of propolis tincture in the treatment of herpes zoster. Third International Symposium on Apitherapy 1978;109-111.

Focht, J., Hansen, S. H., Nielsen, J. V., and et al. Bactericidal effect of propolis in vitro against agents causing upper respiratory tract infections. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43(8):921-923. View abstract.

Freitas, S. F., Shinohara, L., Sforcin, J. M., and Guimaraes, S. In vitro effects of propolis on Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Phytomedicine 2006;13(3):170-175. View abstract.

Gebaraa, E. C., Pustiglioni, A. N., de Lima, L. A., and Mayer, M. P. Propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2003;1(1):29-35. View abstract.

Grange, J. M. and Davey, R. W. Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue). J R.Soc Med 1990;83(3):159-160. View abstract.

Hartwich, A., Legutko, J., and Wszolek, J. [Propolis: its properties and administration to patients treated for some surgical diseases]. Przegl.Lek. 2000;57(4):191-194. View abstract.

Higashi, K. O. and de Castro, S. L. Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and have an impact on its interaction with host cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-8-1994;43(2):149-155. View abstract.

Hsu, C. Y., Chiang, W. C., Weng, T. I., Chen, W. J., and Yuan, A. Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. Am J Emerg.Med 2004;22(5):432-433. View abstract.

Ikeno, K., Ikeno, T., and Miyazawa, C. Effects of propolis on dental caries in rats. Caries Res 1991;25(5):347-351. View abstract.

Imhof, M., Lipovac, M., Kurz, Ch, Barta, J., Verhoeven, H. C., and Huber, J. C. Propolis solution for the treatment of chronic vaginitis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;89(2):127-132. View abstract.

Khalil, M. L. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(1):22-31. View abstract.

Korkina, L. G. Phenylpropanoids as naturally occurring antioxidants: from plant defense to human health. Cell Mol.Biol (Noisy.-le-grand) 2007;53(1):15-25. View abstract.

Kosenko, S. V. and Kosovich, T. I. [The treatment of periodontitis with prolonged-action propolis preparations (clinical x-ray research)]. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1990;69(2):27-29. View abstract.

Mahmoud, A. S., Almas, K., and Dahlan, A. A. The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Indian J Dent.Res 1999;10(4):130-137. View abstract.

Maichuk, I. F., Orlovskaia, L. E., and Andreev, V. P. [The use of ocular drug films of propolis in the sequelae of ophthalmic herpes]. Voen.Med Zh. 1995;12:36-9, 80. View abstract.

Martinez, Silveira G., Gou, Godoy A., Ona, Torriente R., and et al. [Preliminary study of the effects of propolis in the treatment of chronic gingivitis and oral ulceration]. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 1988;25(3):36-44. View abstract.

Melliou, E. and Chinou, I. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Greek propolis. Planta Med 2004;70(6):515-519. View abstract.

Metzner, J., Bekemeier, H., Paintz, M., and et al. [On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author’s transl)]. Pharmazie 1979;34(2):97-102. View abstract.

Miyares, C., Hollands, I., Castaneda C, and et al. [Clinical trial with a preparation based on propolis “propolisina” in human giardiasis]. Acta Gastroenterol.Latinoam. 1988;18(3):195-201. View abstract.

Montoro, A., Almonacid, M., Serrano, J., Saiz, M., Barquinero, J. F., Barrios, L., Verdu, G., Perez, J., and Villaescusa, J. I. Assessment by cytogenetic analysis of the radioprotection properties of propolis extract. Radiat.Prot.Dosimetry. 2005;115(1-4):461-464. View abstract.

Murray, M. C., Worthington, H. V., and Blinkhorn, A. S. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(11):796-798. View abstract.

Oliveira, A. C., Shinobu, C. S., Longhini, R., Franco, S. L., and Svidzinski, T. I. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions. Mem.Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101(5):493-497. View abstract.

Oncag, O., Cogulu, D., Uzel, A., and Sorkun, K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. Gen.Dent 2006;54(5):319-322. View abstract.

Poppe, B. and Michaelis, H. [Results of a twice-yearly controlled oral hygiene activity using a propolis-containing toothpaste (double-blind study)]. Stomatol.DDR. 1986;36(4):195-203. View abstract.

Przybylski, J. and Scheller, S. [Early results in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease using intra-articular injections of aqueous propolis extract]. Z Orthop.Ihre Grenzgeb. 1985;123(2):163-167. View abstract.

Russo, A., Cardile, V., Sanchez, F., Troncoso, N., Vanella, A., and Garbarino, J. A. Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor cell lines. Life Sci. 12-17-2004;76(5):545-558. View abstract.

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Santana, Perez E., Lugones, Botell M., Perez, Stuart O, and et al. [Vaginal parasites and acute cervicitis: local treatment with propolis. Preliminary report]. Rev Cubana Enferm. 1995;11(1):51-56. View abstract.

Santos, V. R., Pimenta, F. J., Aguiar, M. C., do Carmo, M. A., Naves, M. D., and Mesquita, R. A. Oral candidiasis treatment with Brazilian ethanol propolis extract. Phytother Res 2005;19(7):652-654. View abstract.

Scheller, S., Tustanowski, J., Kurylo, B., Paradowski, Z., and Obuszko, Z. Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of Staphylococci isolated from pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(7):1395. View abstract.

Schmidt, H., Hampel, C. M., Schmidt, G., and et al. [Double-blind trial of the effect of a propolis-containing mouthwash on inflamed and healthy gingiva]. Stomatol.DDR. 1980;30(7):491-497. View abstract.

Sforcin, J. M., Fernandes, A., Jr., and et al. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):243-249. View abstract.

Silici, S. and Koc, A. N. Comparative study of in vitro methods to analyse the antifungal activity of propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;43(3):318-324. View abstract.

Siro, B., Szelekovszky, S., Lakatos, B., and et al. [Local treatment of rheumatic diseases with propolis compounds]. Orv.Hetil. 6-23-1996;137(25):1365-1370. View abstract.

Sroka, Z. The screening analysis of antiradical activity of some plant extracts. Postepy Hig.Med Dosw.(Online.) 2006;60:563-570. View abstract.

Steinberg, D., Kaine, G., and Gedalia, I. Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria. Am.J.Dent. 1996;9(6):236-239. View abstract.

Tsarev, N. I., Petrik, E. V., and Aleksandrova, V. I. [Use of propolis in the treatment of local suppurative infection]. Vestn.Khir.Im I I Grek. 1985;134(5):119-122. View abstract.

Volpert, R. and Elstner, E. F. Interactions of different extracts of propolis with leukocytes and leukocytic enzymes. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(1):47-51. View abstract.

Afkhamizadeh M, Aboutorabi R, Ravari H, et al. Topical propolis improves wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(17):2096-2099. View abstract.

Afsharpour F, Javadi M, Hashemipour S, Koushan Y, Haghighian HK. Propolis supplementation improves glycemic and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Complement Ther Med 2019;43:283-8. View abstract.

Akbay E, Özenirler Ç, Çelemli ÖG, Durukan AB, Onur MA, Sorkun K. Effects of propolis on warfarin efficacy. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 2017;14(1):43-46. View abstract.

Akhavan-Karbassi MH, Yazdi MF, Ahadian H, Sadr-Abad MJ. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of propolis for oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016;17(7):3611-4. View abstract.

Amoros M, Lurton E, Boustie J, et al. Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. J Nat Prod 1994;57:644-7. View abstract.

Anon. Bee Propolis. MotherNature.com 1999. https://www.mothernature.com/library/books/natmed/bee_propolis.asp (Accessed 28 May 2000).

Antunes Moura RT, Bueno NB, Silva-Neto LGR, et al. Red propolis supplementation does not decrease acute respiratory events in stunted preschool children: A paired nonrandomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;50:264-9. View abstract.

Arenberger P, Arenbergerova M, Hladíková M, Holcova S, Ottillinger B. Comparative Study with a Lip Balm Containing 0.5% Propolis Special Extract GH 2002 versus 5% Aciclovir Cream in Patients with Herpes Labialis in the Papular/Erythematous Stage: A Single-blind, Randomized, Two-arm Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2017;88:1-7. View abstract.

Askari M, Saffarpour A, Purhashemi J, Beyki A. Effect of propolis extract in combination with eugenol-free dressing (Coe-PakTM) on pain and wound healing after crown-lengthening: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent (Shiraz). 2017;18(3):173-180. View abstract.

Bretz WA, Paulino N, Nör JE, Moreira A. The effectiveness of propolis on gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(12):943-8. View abstract.

Bruyère F, Azzouzi AR, Lavigne JP, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of a combination of propolis and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (DUAB®) in preventing low urinary tract infection recurrence in women complaining of recurrent cystitis. Urol Int 2019;103(1):41-8. View abstract.

Buha I, Miric M, Agic A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(13):4809-15. View abstract.

Cai T, Anceschi U, Tamanini I, et al. Xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis in the management of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021;11(1):14. View abstract.

Cai T, Tamanini I, Cocci A, et al. Xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis to reduce symptoms and antibiotics use in recurrent UTIs: a prospective study. Future Microbiol. 2019;14:1013-1021. View abstract.

Cho E, Lee JD, Cho SH. Systemic contact dermatitis from propolis ingestion. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(1):85-88. View abstract.

Conte FL, Tasca KI, Santiago KB, et al. Propolis increases Foxp3 expression and lymphocyte proliferation in HIV-infected people: a randomized, double blind, parallel-group and placebo-controlled study. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;142:111984. View abstract.

Coutinho A. Honeybee propolis extract in periodontal treatment: a clinical and microbiological study of propolis in periodontal treatment. Indian J Dent Res. 2012;23(2):294. View abstract.

D’Ercole MC. Prolonged use of propolis can increase liver enzymes. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2020;29(3):468-9. View abstract.

Davoodi SH, Yousefinejad V, Ghaderi B, et al. Oral propolis, nutritional status and quality of life with chemotherapy for breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(6):2029-2037. View abstract.

El-Allaky HS, Wahba NA, Talaat DM, Zakaria AS. Antimicrobial effect of propolis administered through two different vehicles in high caries risk children: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;44(5):289-95. View abstract.

El-Sharkawy HM, Anees MM, Van Dyke TE. Propolis improves periodontal status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2016;87(12):1418-1426. View abstract.

Eslami H, Pouralibaba F, Falsafi P, et al. Efficacy of Hypozalix spray and propolis mouthwash for prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in leukemic patients: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016;10(4):226-233. View abstract.

Esposito C, Garzarella EU, Bocchino B, et al. A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): a monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2021;80:153368. View abstract.

Fukuda T, Fukui M, Tanaka M, et al. Effect of Brazilian green propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Biomed Rep 2015;3(3):355-60. View abstract.

Gao W, Pu L, Wei J, et al. Serum antioxidant parameters are significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after consumption of Chinese propolis: a randomized controlled trial based on fasting serum glucose level. Diabetes Ther 2018;9(1):101-11. View abstract.

Gheflati A, Dehnavi Z, Ghannadzadeh Yazdi A, Khorasanchi Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Ranjbar G. The effects of propolis supplementation on metabolic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Avicenna J Phytomed 2021;11(6):551-65. View abstract.

Giammarinaro E, Marconcini S, Genovesi A, Poli G, Lorenzi C, Covani U. Propolis as an adjuvant to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a clinical study with salivary anti-oxidant capacity assessment. Minerva Stomatol. 2018;67(5):183-188. View abstract.

Gregory SR, Piccolo N, Piccolo MT, et al. Comparision of propolis skin cream to silver sulfadiazine: a naturopathic alternative to antibiotics in treatment of minor burns. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:77-83. View abstract.

Guler E, Bilir O, Osman Kocak A, Atas I, Tanugur Samanci AE. The prophylactic efficacy of Anatolian propolis in individuals at high risk of COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(2 Suppl):53-60. View abstract.

Hallajzadeh J, Milajerdi A, Amirani E, Attari VE, Maghsoudi H, Mirhashemi SM. Effects of propolis supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021;20(1):831-43. View abstract.

Hashimoto T, Tori M, Asakawa Y, Wollenweber E. Synthesis of two allergenic constituents of propolis and poplar bud excretion. Z Naturforsch [C] 1988;43:470-2. View abstract.

Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:584-6. View abstract.

Hoheisel O. The effects of Herstat (3% propolis ointment ACF ) application in cold sores: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Research 2001;4:65-75.

Hwu YJ, Lin FY. Effectiveness of propolis on oral health: a meta-analysis. J Nurs Res 2014;22(4):221-9. View abstract.

Igarashi G, Segawa T, Akiyama N, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian propolis supplementation for japanese lactating women for atopic sensitization and nonspecific symptoms in their offspring: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019;2019:8647205. View abstract.

Jalali M, Ranjbar T, Mosallanezhad Z, et al. Effect of propolis intake on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2020;50:102380. View abstract.

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Jautová J, Zelenková H, Drotarová K, Nejdková A, Grünwaldová B, Hladiková M. Lip creams with propolis special extract GH 2002 0.5% versus aciclovir 5.0% for herpes labialis (vesicular stage): randomized, controlled double-blind study. Wien Med Wochenschr 2019;169(7-8):193-201. View abstract.

Jensen CD, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis from cera alba (purified propolis) in a lip balm and candy. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:312-3. View abstract.

Karimian J, Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Najafgholizadeh A, Ghavami A. The efficacy of propolis on markers of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2019;33(6):1616-26. View abstract.

Kiani S, Birang R, Jamshidian N. Effect of propolis mouthwash on clinical periodontal parameters in patients with gingivitis: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2022;20(2):434-440. View abstract.

Kolarov V, Kotur Stevuljevic J, Ilic M, et al. Factorial analysis of N-acetylcysteine and propolis treatment effects on symptoms, life quality and exacerbations in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(9):3192-9. View abstract.

Koo HJ, Lee KR, Kim HS, Lee BM. Detoxification effects of aloe polysaccharide and propolis on the urinary excretion of metabolites in smokers. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;130:99-108. View abstract.

Kubat M, Karabulut Z, Sengül S. Effect of propolis on wound healing in sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021;34(3(Supplementary)):1063-7. View abstract.

Kuo CC, Wang RH, Wang HH, Li CH. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the efficacy of propolis mouthwash in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(12):4001-4009. View abstract.

Lamoureux A, Meharon M, Durand AL, Darrigade AS, Doutre MS, Milpied B. A first case of erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by propolis. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):263-264. View abstract.

Lee SK, Song L, Mata-Greenwood E, et al. Modulation of in vitro biomarkers of the carcinogenic process by chemopreventive agents. Anticancer Res 1999;19:35-44. View abstract.

Li YJ, Lin JL, Yang CW, Yu CC. Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:e125-9. View abstract.

Machado CS, Mokochinski JB, de Lira TO, et al. Comparative study of chemical composition and biological activity of yellow, green, brown, and red Brazilian propolis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;2016:6057650. View abstract.

Magro-Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Application of propolis to dental sockets and skin wounds. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 1990;32:4-13. View abstract.

Magro-Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Topical effect of propolis in the repair of sulcoplasties by the modified Kazanjian technique. Cytological and clinical evaluation. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 1994;36:102-11. View abstract.

Marucci L, Farneti A, Di Ridolfi P, et al. Double-blind randomized phase III study comparing a mixture of natural agents versus placebo in the prevention of acute mucositis during chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2017;39(9):1761-1769. View abstract.

Matos D, Serrano P, Brandao FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(1):59-60. View abstract.

Matsumoto Y, Takahashi K, Sugioka Y, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial to reveal the effects of Brazilian propolis intake on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index; BeeDAI. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0252357. View abstract.

Mirzoeva OK, Calder PC. The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55:441-9. View abstract.

Moghiseh L, Nobahar M, Ghorbani R, Sirafian S. The impact of Propolis on catheter exit site infection and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a clinical trial. BMC Nephrol. 2022 Dec 23;23(1):408. View abstract.

Naramoto K, Kato M, Ichihara K. Effects of an ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62(46):11296-302. View abstract.

Ngatu NR, Saruta T, Hirota R, et al. Brazilian green propolis extracts improve Tinea pedis interdigitalis and Tinea corporis. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(1):8-9. View abstract.

Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Tutunchi H, Khoshbaten M, Nazari Bonab H, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, liver function, anthropometric indices and meta-inflammation. Food Funct. 2022;13(22):11568-78. View abstract.

Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7. View abstract.

Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6. View abstract.

Pahlavani N, Malekahmadi M, Sedaghat A, et al. Effects of melatonin and propolis supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in patients with primary pneumosepsis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Med Res 2022. View abstract.

Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al. Clinical and Immunological Efficacy of Mangosteen and Propolis Extracted Complex in Patients with Gingivitis: A Multi-Centered Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021;13(8):2604. View abstract.

Park YK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganisms. Curr Microbiol 1998;36:24-8. View abstract.

Pina GM, Lia EN, Berretta AA, et al. Efficacy of Propolis on the Denture Stomatitis Treatment in Older Adults: A Multicentric Randomized Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8971746. View abstract.

Piredda M, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, et al. Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(6). View abstract.

Ryu CS, Oh SJ, Oh JM, et al. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by propolis in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Res 2016;32(3):207-13. View abstract.

Samadi N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Rahmanian M, Askarishahi M. Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Integr Med. 2017;15(2):124-134. View abstract.

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